trade in ancient life
Trade has always brought huge sum as revenue to a particular civilization. People at Egyptian civilization are no exceptions to them. Ancient Egyptian trade has blossomed in great way. Trade partners have emerged from all over the world. The trade has seen several twists and turns as far as the development and establishment of a huge network of trade. The trade links vary from time to time with efficient traders coming with certain special products to be exported and imported in many ways. The usage of the seaway transport has gathered even more trade links from all over the world.
The Egyptians also trade for gold from the locality of Nubia. Farmers also use to grow crops such as the flax, parley and three different types of the wheat were available for the farming. Flax was the important source for the textile fiber. The farmers were continually involved in the activity of the farming throughout the year, and their work was very hectic. Flax is exported to the neighboring localities in exchange of gold and other exotic branded products. Some of the slaves are having owner of single person, but some of the slaves are working for the organizations like big temples, and big estates.
So each and every need of the slaves is to be taken care of by the masters. The food is the prime prerequisite of the slaves; the traders bring cheap food cash crops from the neighboring localities to feed the slaves. Ancient Egyptian trade has brought back certain innate culture of pottery to the people living at the Egypt. The products made out of mud are imported from various other countries. These products have drawn interests of the people to make it a point that this art of making pots are cultivated among the people. Certain metallic components are imported and also certain metal raw materials were traded for benefit of people.
Ancient Egyptian Industry
Trade is relatively primitive, most of it was by barter in the bazaar station. upholstery materials and controls have been used and exploited by the Egyptians, including the well-being of animal products, materials rack, cosmetics, fragrances, glass fibers and processing of these materials vary in the freezing weather and a gradual process of adapting technological innovations of the bronze medal as the Iron Age.
With the passage of time, as the almighty dollar has become rare and dried, the Egyptians were unable to maintain their admiration of technology, this guilt is clearly visible by the passage of monumental pyramid construction weight of the patient on the graves United derisory Royal Valley of the Kings in the largest of the Kingdom. funerary beliefs monastic necessary to expose the deceased buried with their belongings in the tombs inbred developed, thus adding to the empowerment of non-recyclable resources
Even So obsessed Egyptians in the destruction of tombs again impressive, altruism secretly left a lasting legacy of history. The architects and artists in Egypt marks the form of many types of stones and gems with retention consumed in the architecture and tools. Wood was relevant and rarely used. Considered a costly artificial stone semi-precious stones, glass was manufactured in factories owned and was used by the nobility good glass was made from the fusion of raw material quartz silica and soda, the need to catalog the history, led the Egyptians to build the first story right paper in 3000 BC, and a hatch pattern written papyrus was a complex and tedious.
Mines and quarries have been totally monopolies of the state, so supervision is entrusted to the highest officials. metallurgical practices were of extreme importance to the State and more have been carefully frozen in the vulgar. The Egyptians were the first recorded use of the sails on their ships. As of experts has been extremely little wood available, many vessels were grouped into papyrus reeds.
The hunt was stirring ancillary leisure. Livestock provided for animal proteins in the pre-Egyptian grub. Linen fabric sun, was appointed in this alarming atmosphere. suit was not important because sustainable in the warm climate, the children than the officials were actually revealed. The textile industry has not been of vital importance. Leather - No major importance in the hot climate of Egypt.
Ancient Egyptian Agriculture
In this modern world, many applications are there to reduce the force of man, and reduce human labor. Lot of software is available to reduce the stress of the human person, but nobody can produce wheat without the aid of farmers. Farmer is a resource of the nation, the country's development is mainly dependent on the irrigation system of the nation. Although the agricultural sector is not sufficiently taken into account by modern man is the only way to improve the economy of the nation. Today, Egypt is well developed, the main reason for this is strong underground in ancient times in the agricultural sector.
Agriculture in ancient Egypt is very good compared to recent technology of agriculture, although there are many technologies to facilitate the work of man. In ancient Egypt all farmers should have a field of about 30 to 40 cubic meters. Farmers invest little and get the result in large quantities. The main reason for the profit of irrigated land is located near many dams and rivers. Water is very essential criteria for agriculture, water is continuously available to the farmer without interruption. The rivers are very large, it is near about 2000 hectares of the Nile is also a major reason for the development of irrigation systems in ancient Egypt.
In the rainy season, flooding is sometimes to come in the field of irrigation, which really affects irrigation. If the ground surrounding the flood irrigation of crops damaged in circumstances in which they use dams to store water. If the water level rises above the dam and the water flow must be turned the Nile River. Each farmer's land separated so they set up their own border, they use large stones to limit the activity of separation. They can change the lines if they had a problem in the separation of the boundary or the marking of the border.
MEDICINE IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Historically, many Egyptologists focused on highly visible aspects of ancient Egyptian society, like the pyramids, the great bath of those interested in more than monumental architecture. Since the beginning of the scientific study of Egypt's past there have been few scholars who recognized the importance of the disease process and health of a population. With the turn of the century, new archaeological discoveries, increased knowledge of Egyptian language and writing, and the advent of more sophisticated techniques medical, new life was breathed into the study of disease and health in the ancient Nile Valley. It is this period that saw the study of Egyptian disease fall into three distinct categories.The first is the study of medical papyri. From the outset it was recognized that the textual material of the Dynastic period for the recognition and treatment of disease is extremely important for understanding both health and the concept of disease in ancient Egypt . The second is the study of artistic representation of disease in the Nile Valley. The Egyptian's predilection for portrayl the life of a relatively realistic manner offers an excellent opportunity to study the disease. The third and perhaps most obvious, is the study of human remains, both skeletal and soft tissue, the ancient Egyptians. With the advent of increasingly sophisticated medical technology in the early 20th century, as well as complex medical techniques in use today, the analysis of the true wealth of the Egyptian human remains provided a tremendous boost to study the state of health and disease in ancient Nile Valley.
Medical Papyri
The Edwin Smith Papyrus
The Edwin Smith Papyrus surgery is without a doubt, one if the most important documents relating to medicine in the ancient Nile Valley. Included in the sale by Mustafa Agha in 1862, the papyrus was purchased by Edwin Smith. A resident of Cairo, Smith was described as an adventurer, a money lender, and an antiquities dealer (Dawson and up: 1972) .. Smith was also known as advisor on, and even the practice, forgery of antiquities. (Nunn 1996:26) Whatever his personal composition, it is to his credit that he immediately recognized the text for what it was and later made an attempt at translation. At his death in 1906, his daughter donated the papyrus in its entirety at the New York Historical Society. The papyrus is now in the collections of the New York Academy of Sciences.
In 1930, James Henry Breasted, director of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, published the papyri with facsimile, transcription, translation, commentary and introduction. The volume was accompanied by medical notes prepared by Dr B. Arno Luckhardt. To date, the chest is the only translation, so its kind.
Edwin Smith papyrus is second in length only to the Ebers papyrus, comprising seventeen pages (377 lines) on the recto and five pages (92 lines) on the back. Both the front and back are written with the same hand in a style of Middle Egyptian dating.
The Papyrus Ebers
As the papyrus Edwin Smith Papyrus Ebers was purchased in Luxor by Edwin Smith in 1862. We do not know that the papyrus was purchased, but it would have been found between the legs of a mummy in the area of the necropolis Assassif Theben.
The papyrus remained in the collection of Edwin Smith until at least 1869, when he appeared in the catalog of an antiquities dealer, and advertisement for "an important medical papyrus in the possession of Edwin Smith, an American farmer of Luxor. "(Breasted 1930) The Papyrus was purchased in 1872 by the Egyptologist George Ebers, who is appointed. In 1875, Ebers published a facsimile of a Latin-English vocabulary and the introduction.
The Ebers Papyrus comprises 110 pages and is by far the longest of the medical papyri. It is dated by a passage on the back of the 9th year of the reign of Amenhotep I (c. 1534 BC), a date which is close to the existing copy of the Edwin Smith Papyrus. However, part of the papyrus suggests a much earlier origin. Paragraph 856a states that: "the book of wekhedu conduct of all members of a man was found in the writings under the two feet of Anubis in Letopolis and was brought to the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Den. "(Nunn 1996: 31) The reference to Lower Egypt, Den is a historical anachronism which suggesting an origin closer to the First Dynasty (c. 3000 BCE)
Unlike the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the Ebers Papyrus consists of a collection of a myriad of different medical texts in a fairly random order, which explains the presence of the extract above mentioned. The structure of the papyrus is organized by paragraph, each of which are arranged in blocks on specific problems medical conditions.
Paragraphs 1-3 contain magical spells designed to protect from supernatural intervention on diagnosis and treatment. They are immediately followed by a large section on diseases of the stomach (khet), with a concentration on intestinal parasites in paragraphs 50-85. (Bryan 1930:50) Skin diseases, with the remedies prescribed placed in three categories of irritative, exfoliative, and ulcerative, are described in paragraphs 90-95 and 104-118. Diseases of the anus, included in a section of the digestive section, are covered in paragraphs 132-164. (Ibid. 50) given in paragraph 187, the papyrus follows a relatively standardized format of listing prescriptions which are to relieve medical conditions. However, the diseases themselves are often more difficult to translate. Sometimes they take the form of recognizable symptoms as an obstacle, but often can be a term specific diseases such as wekhedu or AAA, the significance of the two remaining fairly obscure.
Paragraphs 188-207 comprise "the book of the stomach," and show a marked change in style to something that is closer to the Edwin Smith Papyrus (ibid.: 32). Paragraph 188 has only a title, if all points are the words: "If you look at a man with a ...», a feature that denotes its similarity to the Edwin Smith Papyrus. From this point, a statement of diagnosis, but no prognosis. After paragraph 207, the text returns to its original style, with a short treatise on the heart (Paragraphs 208-241).
Paragraphs 242-247 contains remedies which are deemed to have been made and used personally by various gods. Only in paragraph 247, contained in the section above and on the creation of Isis "a cure for an illness in Ra's head, an accurate diagnosis is mentioned. (Bryan 1930:45)
The next section continues with diseases of the head, but without reference to the use of remedies by the gods. Paragraph 250 continues a famous passage about the treatment of migraine. The sequence is interrupted in paragraph 251 with the emphasis on medication rather than illness. Most likely an extract of the pharmacopoeia, the paragraph begins: "Knowledge of what is made from DEGEM (probably a plant ricinous giving a form of castor oil), as something found in ancient writings and as something something useful to man. "(Nunn 1996: 33)
Paragraphs 261-283 are concerned by a steady stream of urine and are followed by remedies "to cause the heart to receive bread." (Bryan 1930:80). Paragraphs 305-335 contain remedies for various forms of cough and illness Genewa.
The rest of the text is going to discuss medical conditions concerning hair (paragraphs 437-476), traumatic injuries such as burns and minor injuries (paragraphs 482-529), and diseases of the extremities such as toes, fingers and legs. Paragraphs 627-696 are concerned with the relaxation or strengthening of the metu. The exact meaning of metu is confusing and could still be translated either as a hollow vessels or muscles tissue (ibid.: 52). The papyrus continues by featuring diseases of the tongue (paragraphs 697-704), dermatological conditions (paragraphs 708-721), dental diseases (paragraphs 739-750), diseases of the ear, nose and throat (paragraphs 761-781), and gynecological conditions (paragraphs 783-839)
Kahun gynecological papyrus
Kahun Papyrus was discovered by Flinders Petrie in April of 1889 on the site of Fayoum Lahun. The town itself flourished during the Middle Kingdom, principally under the reign of Amenenhat II and his immediate successor. The papyrus is dated to this period by a note on the front identifying the date as being the 29th year of King Amenenhat III (c. 1825 BC). The text was published in facsimile, with hieroglyphic transcription and translation in English, by Griffith in 1898 and is now in the University College London.
The gynecological text can be divided into thirty-four points, including the first seventeen have a common format (Nunn 1996: 34). The seventeen first start with a title and are followed by a brief description of symptoms, usually but not always, having to do with reproductive organs.
The second section begins on the third page, and consists of eight points, both because of the condition of the existing copy and language, are almost unintelligible. Despite this, there are several paragraphs that have a sufficiently clear language while being intact which can be understood. Paragraph 19 concerns the recognition that will give birth; paragraph 20 concerns the fumigation procedure which causes conception to occur and paragraphs 20-22 are concerned with contraception. Among the materials prescribed for contraception are crocodile dung, 45ml of honey and sour milk (Ibid: 35).
The third section (paragraphs 26-32) deals with pregnancy tests. Other methods include placing an onion bulb deep in the skin of patients with positive results being determined by the odor released the patient's nose.
The fourth and final section contains two paragraphs which do not fall into any of the above categories. The first provides a treatment for toothaches during pregnancy. The second describes what appears to be a fistula between the bladder and vagina with incontinence of urine "in an awkward place." (Ibid. 35)
Investigations on the habits of disease from human remains and artistic performances
Parasitic diseases
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
Of the three major species of Schistosoma worms Platyhelminthes, the most important for Egypt are S. mansoni and S. haematobium. There is a complex life cycle alternating between two hosts, humans and the freshwater snail of the genus Bulinus. The infection is caught by humans who come into contact with the worm freestyle which the snail releases to water. The worm penetrates the intact skin and into the veins of the human host. The main symptom of the parasite is haematuria leading to severe anemia, loss of appetite, urinary infection, and loss of resistance to other diseases. There may also be interference with liver functions.
One of the finest archaeological examples of the existence of schistosomiasis in ancient Egypt was the discovery of calcified ova in the mummy dynasty unembalmed Nakht 21. During the medical examination, the mummy not only presented a preserved tapeworm, but also the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and modifications outlined in the liver caused by schistosomal infection. (Millat et al. 1980:79)
Bacterial and viral infections
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Ruffer (1910) reported the presence of tuberculosis of the spine in Nesparehan, a priest of Amon in the 21st Dynasty. This shows the typical features of Pott's disease with collapse of thoracic vertebra, producing the angular kyphosis (donkey). A well-known complication of Pott's disease is the tuberculous suppuration moving downward under the psoas muscle towards the right iliac fossa, forming a very large psoas abscess. (Nunn 1996:64)
Ruffer ratio remained the best authenticated case of spinal tuberculosis from ancient Egypt. All known possible cases, ranging from the Predynastic to 21st Dynasty were reviewed by Morse, Brockwell, and Ucko (1964) and by Ambrose, Baker, and Cook. (1993) These included Predynastic specimens collected at Naqada by Petrie and Quibell in 1895 as well as nine Nubian Specimens from the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Both commentators agree that there is very little doubt that tuberculosis was the cause of the disease in most but not all, cases. In some cases it was not possible to exclude compression fractures, osteomyelitis, or bone cysts as causes of death.
The artistic representation of many humpback are provocative but not conclusive. The first three examples are probably predynastic origin. The first is a ceramic figurine have been found by Bedu in the Aswan region. It is an emaciated man with angular kyphosis of the thoracic spine crouching in a clay vase. (Schrumph-Pierron 1933) The second possible Predynastic representation with spinal deformity indicative of tuberculosis is a small standing ivory image of a man with his arms down the sides of the body bent at the elbows. The head is modeled with facial features carefully indicated. The figure is shown with a projection of the back and chest (Morse 1967: 261). The latest example is Predynastic a wooden statue contained in the Brussels Museum. Described as a bearded man with complex facial features, the figure has a great intuition rounded back and a projection angle of the sternum (Jonckheere 1948: 25).
In addition, there are several historic Egyptian representations which indicate the possibility of tuberculosis deformity. One of the most evocative, located inside the Old Kingdom and Dynasty tomb 4th, is a bas relief serving girl who has localized angular kyphosis. A second provocative example has its origin in the Middle Kingdom. A tomb painting at Beni Hasan, the representation shows a gardener with a localized angular deformity of the cervical-thoracic (Morse 1967: 263).
Polio
A viral infection of cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, the presence of polio can be detected in those who survive the acute phase. Mitchell (Sandison 1980:32) noted the shortening of the left leg, which he interpreted as poliomyelitis, in the beginning of an Egyptian mummy Deshasheh. Clubfoot Siptah of Pharaoh and malformations in the 12th Dynasty mummy of Khnumu-Nekht are probably the most attributable cases of poliomyelitis.
Stael a 18th or 19th Dynasty funerary shows the Roma goalkeeper with a grossly wasted and shortened leg accompanied by an equinus deformity of the foot. The exact nature of this deformation, however, is debated in the medical community. Some favor the view that this is a case of polio contracted in childhood before the completion of skeletal growth. The equinus deformity, then, would be a compensation allowing Roma to walk on the short leg. Furthermore, the deformation may be the result of a specific variety of club foot with a secondary wasting and shortening of the leg (Nunn 1996: 77).
Deformations
Dwarfism
Dasen (1993) lists 207 known representations of dwarfism. Among the types described, the majority are achondroplasia, resulting in a head and trunk of normal size with shortened members. The statue of Seneb is perhaps the most classical example. A statue of the tomb of dwarf Seneb and his family, all of normal size, goes a long way to indicate that dwarfs were accepted members of Egyptian society. Other examples have attracted attention by Ruffer (1911) include the 5th Dynasty statuette Chnoum-Hotep in Saqqara, a Predynastic drawing of the "dwarf Zer" from Abydos, and a random fifth dynasty of a dwarf Deshasheh's tomb.
Skeletal evidence, while not supporting the social status of dwarfs in Egyptian society, does confirm the presence of strain. Jones (Brothwell 1967:432) described a fragmentary Predynastic skeleton in the cemetery at Badari with a skull-shaped form in normal size. Contrary to this, however, the radii and ulna are short and robust, a characteristic of achondroplasia. A second case described by Jones (ibid: 432) consisted of a Predynastic femur and tibia, both with typical short shafts and relatively large articular ends.
Education in Ancient Egypt
Education in Ancient Egypt
Children in Ancient Egypt remained with their mother until the age of four. During these years, a profound respect for their mother was instilled in children. At age four, boys' education was taken over by their fathers.
Occupations in ancient Egypt had levels of income and power associated with them.Sons usually followed in the same profession as their father practiced. Some children attended this time a village school in general, while others have attended a school designed for a specific career, like a priest or a scribe.
This higher level of education included learning what has been called "the instruction of wisdom." The "Trial of Wisdom" included lessons on ethics and morality. This higher level of education also focused on the skills required for senior positions such as the status of doctor or scribe. The track education that students followed was generally determined by the position that the father held in society, yet, students who have shown capacity were able to receive training for the jobs of higher status .
Very few careers were open to most women. Although most women trained in motherhood and how being a good wife, some girls could train them to be dancers, artists, weavers, or bakers. Only the daughters of the rich nobility trained in reading or writing. The majority of Egyptian women have been trained at home by their own mothers
Schools taught reading, writing, mathematics and sports as well as morality and manors. At the age of fourteen, the son of farmers and artisans joined their father in their profession. Children whose parents had higher status careers are studying in special schools usually attached to temples or government centers.
Ancient Egypt Sports
Obviously, the scenes depicted on the walls and the pyramid temple that the ancient Egyptians knew how to keep fit, obviously in the sport of ancient Egypt must have been a part of everyday life and culture. Archaeologists and researchers have discovered bits of interesting information about sports played in ancient Egypt thousands of years.The history of sport in ancient Egypt was composed of a variety of games and sports.Somewhat surprisingly ancient Egyptian games and sports are not so different from the games that we practice and enjoy today. The murals and paintings dating from the ancient Egyptian pharaoh and indicate that its people enjoy activities such as wrestling and javelin.the javelin was probably related to hunting for sport and food supply. Similarly, archery is a popular recreational sport in Egypt, although he seems to have been practiced more by royalty for entertainment purposes only practical means.With the fact that Egypt is on the banks of the Nile it is likely to assume that many ancient Egyptian sports were related to water. The data indicate that the Egyptians enjoyed sporting events like swimming and rowing.Painting game BallJudging by the drawings and paintings, ancient Egypt sports also included an assortment of ball games. One of the games involve playing the ball seems to be a version of handball, while other games were played with balls and sticks made from palm trees. Although these ball games probably never reached the state of frenzied popularity as they exist in the modern world, ball games seems to have been enjoyed by children and adults.Many sports ancient Egypt seems to have been appreciated for the sheer pleasure of it, while others have developed into professional sports events. Certainly, it would have been in the presence of the royal family of Egypt as a means of entertainment and diversion.In addition, the ancient Egyptian sports included lengthy marathons that were recorded in a number of Egyptian texts. Marathons even seem to have played a role in the celebrations of the coronation of the greatest pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history.What is the most popular sport in Egypt?
Football is very popular in modern Egypt, but like their ancestors of long ago, the modern Egyptians also enjoy a variety of other sports such as squash, tennis and even golf has found its place on Egyptian sports scene.
LAW IN ANCIENT EGYPT
It is believed that the laws of ancient Egypt have been at least partially codified. In fact, we learn that a Greek writer in the Late Period there were probably eight books that establish the legal code. But nothing remains of these documents, or elsewhere, the legal codes of other periods. However, we can draw some of the laws of ancient Egypt from funerary texts, as well as court documents and others.
Essentially, we believe that Egyptian law was based on a common sense of good and evil, following the codes based on the concept of Maat. Ma'at represented truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept has allowed everyone, except slaves, should be considered equal before the law regardless of wealth or social position.However, when the sentence was carried out, often the entire family of the guilty also suffered. For example, when individuals were sentenced to exile, their children were automatically outlawed with them. If one parent deserted from military service, or defaulted on the work requirements of the State, the whole family can be imprisoned.
Maat a gold pendant that is now in the British Museum was probably more or less an official badge of justice officials. Some statues of officials from the Late Period are represented with such a suspension. During the Greek period, Greek law existed alongside that of the Egyptian law, but in general these laws favorable to the Greeks.When the Romans took control of Egypt, the Roman legal system that existed in the Roman Empire was imposed in Egypt. However, before the Greek period, it is ultimately the king as a living god who was the supreme judge and legislator. Of course, much of this power has been delegated to others. The legal and administrative systems do not seem to have been well defined, and so anyone once in a position of authority may have made judgments of law. We know that the king's viziers often acted as judges, and theoretically, anyone with a legal problem could bring a case before a vizier, if the organization of such a hearing with busy, important government officials may have sometimes been difficult. But more specifically, we believe that the title, the Monitor Six of stately homes, refers to our modern equivalent of a magistrate. Mansions probably refers to the main court of law Thebes, if we think there are other great courses in Egypt.Minor cases were tried by a council of elders and each town or village has its own local KENET in charge of judicial proceedings. These cases usually involved minor problems, such as default on loans. Yet the most important issues are probably reported to the King who would then decide the case and the proper administration of justice.
An interesting variation was that sometimes the judgments made by divine oracles, rather than by civil servants of man. For example, in Deir el-Medina deified founder of the village was often asked to rule on disputes. Although it is impossible to know exactly how this works, we believe that a document has been made for both sides of the case, and to each side of a street. Whichever way the image of God has been tilted toward rendering the winner. In addition, especially during the 21st Dynasty (1069-945 BC), Law was given if the oracle of Amun. Documentation of previous cases have been recorded and preserved, and as our own modern legal systems, these court documents were used as a precedent for pending cases. Some of these documents remain and are some of our best evidence of how the ancient Egyptian legal system functioned.
Criminal Law
An example of these documents is the record of the famous trial of tomb robbers, recorded on the Leopold II - Amherst Papyrus. This document, now in the British Museum, the theft of documents tombs in the reign of Ramesses IX and Ramesses XI.The thief to confess Amenpanufer Ramesses IX that "We went to rob tombs in accordance with our regular habit, and found the tomb of King pyramid Sekhemreshedtawdy ....". Although papyrus documents guilt of the thief, he does notactual sentence. We also have the Salt Papyrus, a petition of the workman Amennakht denouncing the crimes of the foreman Paneb another papyrus documents tomb than theft. Tomb robbery was considered one of the most heinous crimes.
Of course, there are a number of other legal proceedings documented. Of these, we know the pain of prosecution. For example, court documents at Deir el-Medina, we know the pain of stolen or misappropriated property could be as simple as returning the goods with a fine of twice their value. Corporal punishment may simply involve a hundred strokes of cane and in more severe cases, 5 bleeding cuts added, or marks as a sign of permanent disgrace. The Pharaoh himself might well judge the biggest criminal cases, or at other times, he may appoint a special commission with full authority to judge. Depending on the severity of the case, being exiled to Nubia or the Western Oasis, or sent to labor in mines or quarries remote was not uncommon. Some crimes were punished with mutilation of cutting off a hand, tongue, nose or ears. In extreme cases, the death penalty has been imposed by the implementation on a stake, burned alive, drowning or decapitation. Because the offender had violated Maat was also assumed an individual would suffer a failure, poverty, disease, blindness or deafness, with the final resolution pending at the Court of the dead. It should be noted that while the ancient Egyptian penalty is often viewed as barbaric, there was some support for fundamental human rights. For example, the pharaoh Bocchoris abolished imprisonment for debt.
Civil Law
Probably one of the most famous is the peasant, the eloquent (Tale of the Eloquent Peasant), which examines the search for a poor man for justice officials and the king himself. This story was widely told in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2055-1650) and illustrates the point that even the problems of ordinary peasants were considered significant. Although males dominate the legal system in ancient Egypt, records indicate that women have important rights under the law. On the death of an individual, property was often divided equally between the two male children and female. Women may own and bequeath property, file lawsuits, be witnesses in court and seek a divorce. Children and slaves, the poor have substantial legal rights, and were even allowed to own property in certain circumstances. Before the 7th century BC and most contracts were made orally, but with the advent of the demotic script, many legal acts had to be written, and these documents give us a better picture of the legal proceedings. The applicant was required to file a lawsuit, and the case was deemed to be valid, the defendant would be summoned to appear before the court. There was no legal representatives, so that both parties to present their own arguments. While witnesses were sometimes called, the judge typically decide on the grounds of documentary evidence and testimony of each party.
Effect continues
In many ways, the ancient Egyptian laws are still with us today. The Greek legislator Solon visited Egypt in the 6th century BC, studied and adapted their legislation in many aspects of it in the system of law in Athens. During the Greek period of Egypt, Egyptian law has continued to affect the Greek legal system separate. When the Romans took Egypt, their legal system was effected by the Greeks and Egyptians, and today we continue to implement a number of aspects of Roman law
